Section Lupulinae

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  1a. Carpellate spikes spherical to short-ovoid, 1–4.2 cm long; lowermost bract of inflorescence usually sheathless or with a sheath shorter than 3 mm; achenes ellipsoid to obovoid; beak of perigynium 1.5–4.2 mm long
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    C. grayi

    2a. Carpellate spikes spherical, with 8–35 perigynia radiating in all directions; base of perigynium cuneate; surface of perigynium dull
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    C. intumescens

    2b. Carpellate spikes mostly short-ovoid, with 1–12 (–20) usually ascending to spreading perigynia (uncommonly the lower perigynia are reflexed); base of perigynium convexly rounded; surface of perigynium somewhat lustrous
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  1b. Carpellate spikes ovoid to cylindric, 1.5–8 cm long; lowermost bract of inflorescence with a closed sheath 5–150 mm long; achenes rhomboid; beak of perigynium 6–10 mm long
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    C. lupuliformis

    3a. Achenes (2.2–) 2.4–3.4 mm wide, nearly as wide as long, the angles knobbed with nipple-like points [Fig. 96]
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    C. lupulina

    3b. Achenes 1.7–2.6 (–2.8) mm wide, longer than wide, the angles without knobs or only obscurely knobbed [Fig. 97]

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