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Native Plant Trust: Go Botany Discover thousands of New England plants

Quercus velutina — black oak

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New England distribution

Adapted from BONAP data

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North America distribution

Adapted from BONAP data

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Facts

Black oak's specific epithet (velutina) derives from the Latin word for fleece, which refers to the leaves that are downy when young. This tree produces reliable acorn crops every 2-3 years, which are readily consumed by insects, squirrels, other small rodents, and wild turkeys. A scruffy tree, it is not much used for wood.

Habitat

Forests, woodlands

Characteristics

Habitat
terrestrial
New England state
  • Connecticut
  • Maine
  • Massachusetts
  • New Hampshire
  • Rhode Island
  • Vermont
Growth form
the plant is a tree
Leaf type
the leaf blade is simple (lobed or unlobed but not separated into leaflets)
Leaves per node
there is one leaf per node along the stem
Leaf blade edges
the edge of the leaf blade has lobes, or it has both teeth and lobes
Leaf duration
the leaves drop off in winter (or they wither but persist on the plant)
armature on plant
the plant does not have spines, prickles, or thorns
Leaf blade length
80–300 mm
Leaf blade width
80–150 mm
Leaf stalk
the leaves have leaf stalks
Fruit type (general)
the fruit is dry but does not split open when ripe
Bark texture
the bark of an adult plant is ridged or plated
Twig winter color
  • brown
  • red
Bud scale number
there are three or more scales on the winter bud, and they overlap like shingles, with one edge covered and the other edge exposed
Show all characteristics

  • Buds or leaf scars

    Bud scale number
    there are three or more scales on the winter bud, and they overlap like shingles, with one edge covered and the other edge exposed
    Bud scar shape (Fraxinus)
    NA
    Collateral buds
    there are no collateral buds on the sides of the branches
    Leaf scar arrangement
    there is one leaf scar per node on the stem or twig
    Superposed buds
    there are no superposed buds on the branch
    Terminal bud
    the branch has a terminal bud on it
    Winter bud distribution
    the winter buds are clustered near the tip of the twig
    Winter bud scale hairs
    the winter bud scales are hairy
    Winter bud scales
    the winter bud is perulate (partially or completely covered with one or more scales)
    Winter bud shape
    • the winter buds are conical (cone-shaped)
    • the winter buds are ellipsoid (elliptical in three dimensions)
    • the winter buds are ovoid (egg-shaped)
    Winter bud stalks
    the winter buds have no stalks

  • Flowers

    Anther color
    the anthers show no hint of a pink, reddish or purplish tint
    Carpels fused
    the carpels are fused to one another
    Enlarged sterile flowers
    there are no enlarged sterile flowers on the plant
    Flower petal color
    NA
    Flower symmetry
    there are two or more ways to evenly divide the flower (the flower is radially symmetrical)
    Hairs on ovary (Amelanchier)
    NA
    Hypanthium present
    the flower does not have a hypanthium
    Inflorescence hairs
    there are no hairs on the inflorescence
    Inflorescence position
    the inflorescences grow on the twigs
    Inflorescence type
    • the inflorescence has only one flower on it
    • the inflorescence is an ament (catkin; slender, usually pendulous inflorescence with crowded unisexual flowers)
    Number of pistils
    1
    Ovary position
    the ovary is below the point of petal and/or sepal attachment
    Petal and sepal arrangement
    the flower includes only one cycle of petals or sepals
    Petal appearance
    NA
    Petal fusion
    NA
    Sepal appearance
    the sepals resemble leaves in color and texture
    Sepal cilia (Ilex)
    NA
    Sepal tip glands
    there are no glands at the tips of the sepal lobes
    Sepals fused only to sepals
    • the sepals are fused to each other (not other flower parts), at least near their bases
    • the sepals are separate from one another
    Stamen number
    • 1 or 2
    • 10
    • 11
    • 12
    • 3
    • 4
    • 5
    • 6
    • 7
    • 8
    • 9
    Stamen position relative to petals
    NA
    Stamens fused
    the stamens are not fused to one another

  • Fruits or seeds

    Berry color
    NA
    Fruit tissue origin
    there are no flower parts that form part of the fruit
    Fruit type (general)
    the fruit is dry but does not split open when ripe
    Fruit type (specific)
    the fruit is a nut (dry and indehiscent, with a hard wall, usually containing only one seed and usually subtended by an involucre)
    Nut with spines (Fagaceae)
    the involucre has no spines
    Wings on fruit
    there are no wings on the fruit

  • Glands or sap

    Sap color
    the sap is clear and watery
    Stalked glands on fruit (Rosa)
    NA

  • Growth form

    Growth form
    the plant is a tree

  • Leaves

    Hairs on underside of leaf blade
    • the underside of the leaf has hairs on it
    • the underside of the leaf has no hairs
    Hairs on upper side of leaf blade
    the upper side of the leaf is not hairy, or has very few hairs
    Leaf blade base shape
    • the base of the leaf blade is cuneate (wedge-shaped, tapers to the base with relatively straight, converging edges), or narrow
    • the base of the leaf blade is truncate (ends abruptly in a more or less straight line as though cut off)
    Leaf blade base symmetry
    the leaf blade base is symmetrical
    Leaf blade bloom
    the underside of the leaf has no noticeable bloom
    Leaf blade edges
    the edge of the leaf blade has lobes, or it has both teeth and lobes
    Leaf blade edges (Acer)
    NA
    Leaf blade flatness
    the leaf is flat (planar) at the edges
    Leaf blade hairs
    • at least some of the hairs on the leaf blade are branched
    • the leaf blade has tangled or woolly-looking hairs, without glands
    Leaf blade length
    80–300 mm
    Leaf blade scales
    there are no scales on the leaf blades
    Leaf blade shape
    • the leaf blade is obovate (egg-shaped, but with the widest point above the middle of the leaf blade)
    • the leaf blade is ovate (widest below the middle and broadly tapering at both ends)
    Leaf blade texture
    the leaf blade is coriaceous (has a firm, leathery texture)
    Leaf blade translucent dots
    there are no translucent dots on the leaf blade
    Leaf blade vein pattern
    the main veins of the leaf blade are pinnate (the secondary veins branch off at intervals from the main central vein) and non-arcuate (not arched towards the leaf tip)
    Leaf blade veins
    the leaf blade has one main vein running from the base toward the tip
    Leaf blade width
    80–150 mm
    Leaf duration
    the leaves drop off in winter (or they wither but persist on the plant)
    Leaf form
    the plant is broad-leaved (with broadly flattened leaf blades)
    Leaf lobe tips (Quercus)
    the lobes of the leaf blade are tipped with small bristles
    Leaf midrib glands
    the midrib of the leaf blade lacks glands on the upper surface
    Leaf stalk
    the leaves have leaf stalks
    Leaf stalk attachment to leaf
    the petiole attaches at the basal margin of the leaf blade
    Leaf stalk nectaries
    there are no nectaries on the leaf stalk
    Leaf stalk shape
    the leaf stalk is not flattened
    Leaf teeth
    the leaf blade margin is undulate (wavy), but does not have teeth
    Leaf teeth hairs (Carya)
    NA
    Leaf type
    the leaf blade is simple (lobed or unlobed but not separated into leaflets)
    Leaves per node
    there is one leaf per node along the stem
    Specific leaf type
    the leaves are simple (lobed or unlobed but not separated into leaflets
    Stipules
    there are no stipules on the plant, or they fall off as the leaf expands

  • Place

    Habitat
    terrestrial
    New England state
    • Connecticut
    • Maine
    • Massachusetts
    • New Hampshire
    • Rhode Island
    • Vermont
    Specific habitat
    • forests
    • woodlands

  • Scent

    Plant odor
    the plant does not have much of an odor, or it has an unpleasant or repellant odor

  • Stem, shoot, branch

    Aerial roots
    the plant has no aerial roots
    Bark texture
    the bark of an adult plant is ridged or plated
    Branch brittleness (willows only)
    NA
    Branch cross-section
    the branch is circular in cross-section, or it has five or more sides, so that there are no sharp angles
    First-year cane (Rubus)
    NA
    Lenticels on twigs
    there are no lenticels on the twigs, or they are very hard to see
    Pith shape
    the ouline of the pith in a twig is roughly star-shaped, with several points or arms radiating from the center
    Pith type
    the pith inside the twig is solid, completely filled with spongy tissue
    Short shoots
    there are no peg- or knob-like shoots present
    Twig bloom
    there is no bloom on the twig
    Twig hairs
    • the twigs have few or no hairs on them
    • the twigs have hairs, but the hairs do not have glands
    Twig papillae (Vaccinium species only)
    NA
    Twig scales
    there are no scales on the twig surface
    Twig winter color
    • brown
    • red
    Wings on branch
    • the branch does not have wings on it
    • the branch has wings running along it
    armature on plant
    the plant does not have spines, prickles, or thorns

Wetland status

Occurs only in non-wetlands. (Wetland indicator code: UPL)

New England distribution and conservation status

Distribution

Connecticut
present
Maine
present
Massachusetts
present
New Hampshire
present
Rhode Island
present
Vermont
present

Conservation status

Exact status definitions can vary from state to state. For details, please check with your state.

Massachusetts
unranked (S-rank: SNR)

Native to North America?

Yes

Sometimes confused with

Quercus coccinea:
sinuses of leaf blades usually extending more than 1/2 way from the tip of the lobes to the midrib and winter buds shorter than 7 mm, hairy on the apical half (vs. Q. velutina, with the sinuses of leaf blades usually extending less than 1/2 way from the tip of the lobes to the midrib and winter buds 7-10 mm long, hairy throughout). Quercus rubra: terminal winter bud 4-7 mm long and without hairs and involucre of nut (the "cap") without a fringe of projecting scales (vs. terminal winter bud 7-10 mm long and evidently hairy, and involucre of nut (the "cap") with a loose fringe of projecting scales around the margin).

Family

Fagaceae

Genus

Quercus

Help

From the dichotomous key of Flora Novae Angliae

16.  Quercus velutina Lam. N

black oak. CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT; absent from much of northern and eastern ME. Dry-mesic forests and woodlands. This species is very similar to Quercus rubra. In addition to the characters mentioned in the key, Q. velutina has slightly darker, more furrowed bark and often has shallower leaf blade sinues (relative to the blade width) than Q. rubra.

4×16. Quercus coccinea × Quercus velutina → Quercus ×‌fontana Laughlin is a rare oak hybrid known from MA. It has pubescent terminal winter buds and a pubescent inner surface of the carpellate involucre, similar to Q. velutina, but the terminal winter buds are too short (4–6 mm long) and the leaf blades have lobes that are too long (sinuses extending more 
than half way from the tips of the lobes to the midrib of the leaf).

5×16. Quercus ilicifolia × Quercus velutina → Quercus ×‌rehderii Trel. is a rare oak hybrid known from MA, ME, NH, RI. It is best diagnosed using the leaf blades, which are very different between the parental taxa. The plants are frequently shrubby (as in Q. ilicifolia), but sometimes are more arboreal than is typical for Q. ilicifolia.

6×16. Quercus imbricaria × Quercus velutina → Quercus ×‌leana Nutt. is a very rare oak hybrid known from MA. The leaf blades look much like Q. imbricaria but have broad, undulate lobes that are infrequently tipped by a small bristle (but most leaf blades lack any marginal lobes with a bristle-tip). The report of this nothospecies in VT by Kartesz (1999) was erroneous.

10×16. Quercus palustris × Quercus velutina → Quercus ×‌vaga Palmer & Steyermark is a very rare oak hybrid known from MA. It tends to show the bark and growth habit of Q. palustris along with the involucral bracts of Q. velutina. The leaf blades also show tufts of pubescence in the axils of the primary lateral veins.

14×16. Quercus rubra × Quercus velutina → Quercus ×‌hawkinsii Sudworth is rare oak hybrid known from CT, MA, ME. However, given the frequency of sympatry of the parental taxa, this nothospecies may be more common than has been reported. The plant generally resembles Q. rubra; however, the winter bud scales are pubescent and the leaf blades often with some persistest pubescence along the veins or in the axils of the veins. The carpellate involucre generally is closer to Q. velutina in its shape and pubescence on the inner surface.